英語の文法を教えてください

Question

分詞構文と関係代名詞について出来るだけ詳しく分かり易く教えてください。

KitCut-100 · Accepted Answer

分詞構文について書きます。                                 
(a)分詞構文は、文頭 文中 分尾のいずれにも置くことがす。
   Hearing my footsteps,the dog began to bark.
   The dog,hearing my footsteps,began to bark.
   The dog began to bark,hearing my footsteps.
(b)分詞構文の意味上の主語は、原則として主文の主語と一致する。
   Writing a letter,he put it in an envelope.
   Being written in easy English,the book is suitable for beginners.
 (c) 分詞構文のときを表す意味
     (i) 時を表す(~したときに、するやいなや、した後に
         Crossing the street,he was run over by a truck.
         Reading the telegram,she passed out.
          Having finished his homework,he went out for a walk.
      (ii) 原因理由を表す。  ～なので
          Having a bad cold,I cannot go to school today.
          Japanese houses , build of wood,burn easily.
      (iii)条件を表す  もし～ならば                      
          Turning to the left,you will find the church.
          The dog,properly trained,will be a faithful servant.
         Born in better times,he would have become a great businessman.
       (iV) 譲歩を表す（たとえ～でも、～だけれども）
           譲歩を表す分詞構文は、その他の分詞構文と区別するために主文に
              still,neverthelessなどの副詞を伴うことが多い。
             Admitting what you say,I still think I am right.
             Waking or sleeping,this subject is always in my mind.
       (V)  付帯状況を表す。（～しながら、そして～した）
             Looking back many times,she went away.
             The lamp suddenly went out,leaving us in utter darkness          
 (d) 形容詞や名詞を補語として伴う場合は、 being,having beenが省略されることがある。
             Busy with his work,he can find no time for reading.
             A stranger(Having been a stranger) to poverty all his life
                 ,he has an optimistic of life.
(e) 分詞構文は、接続詞を省略するのが原則であるけれども、時条件理由などの意味をあきらかにするために、 接続詞を分詞構文の前に加えることがある。
      When using the scissors,the little girl cut her finger.
       Switch off the the television,unless watching it.
       He fell asleep while studying his grammar book.
       The child,though scolded severely,did not cry. 接続詞の次に人称代名詞の主語+Be動詞が省略されたものと考えることができる。

独立分詞構文                                   
    (a) 独立分詞構文
        分詞構文において、分詞の意味上の主語が主文の主語と異なる場合には、この意味上の主語は分詞の前におかれる。
   Night coming on,the wind abated.                時
   There being no bus service,we had to walk all the way to the hot spring.
         理由
  Such being the case,I cannot but live apart from my wife.
       理由
   Weather permitting,I'll start tomorrow. 
        条件
   Other things being equal,I want to buy cheaper one.          
         条件
     It being rainy,the baseball game was played.               
            譲歩
     He went on writing a novel,his wife kinniting by him.             
         付帯状況
     She opened the window, the moonlight streaming                      
         付帯状況
  (b)独立分詞構文においても、受動態の場合や補語を取る場合は、beingやhaving beenが省略されることがある。
         She gets a monthly pay of 30,000 yen ,taxes included.
         This work done,I have nothing else to do.
          School over at last,they ran home.
  (c) 非人称独立分詞構文                          
     これは独立分詞構文の一種であるが、分詞の意味上の主語が、one,we,you
     など世間一般の人である場合には、分詞の意味上の主語が主文の主語と異なっていても その意味上の主語は慣用上省略される。これをとくに非人称独立分詞構文というが 熟語として記憶しておく。
    Strictly speaking,this rule does not holdin this case.
   (if we speak strictly)
    Generally speaking,the old are richer in experience than young.
    Judging from the rumor,he seems to be rich.
    Talking of traveling,have you ever been to Hokkaido.
    Taking all things into consideration,she will make you a good wife.
     According to the Bible,God make the world in six days.
     Considering(=for) his age,he is very prudent.
     Seeing that(=since)you don't know it yourself,the report cannot be true.
     Granted(or Granting) that your statement is true,that is no answer to the charge.
    Provided that it is yours,you may take it home.
     Supposing that you miss your tiger,he is not likely to miss you.
     Assuming it rains tomorrow,what shall we do ?

      (5)  With + 名詞(O) + 現在分詞    Oが～して  
            With + 名詞(O) + 過去分詞    Oが～されて            
                                                      
      付帯状況を表す独立分詞構文の前にwithがついた形である。したがって名詞Oはその後の分詞の意味上の主語になっている。

                   Yesterday it wa very cold with a strong wind blowing
                   An old man was walking along with his dog following.
                   He walked about the room with his arms folded.
                   The boy painted in oils with all his fingers smeared.
                                                                        
    上例の付帯状況の句は、いずれも述語動詞を修飾する副詞句であるが、直前の名詞を 修飾する形容詞句になる場合がある。
                
      Do you know taht girl will her hair flowing down her back?
     
      The girl with her hair cut shortismysister.                                            
   with + 名詞  + 形容詞 や with + 名詞 + 副詞の形もある。
               
        Don't speak with your mouth full.
        The street is so dusty that I can't walk with my eyes open
         Last night I fell asleep with the radio on.
         There was a desk with a le off.
         What a lonely world it will be with you away.
                
         さらに with + 名詞+ 前置詞 + 名詞の形もある。
     
        A girl came out of thelibrary with a book under her arm.
        She spoke with tears in her eyes.
        sit with your back against the wall,if you feel tired.

以上 私がまとめている 英文法の分詞構の項目の抜粋です。

英語の文法を教えてください

分詞構文について書きます。

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